Earthquake
What is Earthquake?
An earthquake is caused when the movement of magma in the Earth's interior sends seismic waves to the Earth's surface(Earth quake).
* Seismology is the science that studies earthquakes. It is a device that records the location, time, speed, and direction of seismic waves when earthquakes occur.
* Those who study earthquakes specially are called "Seismologist".
* Richter uses humans to measure the intensity of an earthquake. Charles Richter developed Richter Man in 1935. It has a value from 1 to 10.
* Earthquake is also measured by Richter and Marselli scale.
* Isoseismal Line (Isoseismal): A line joining places with similar seismic intensity is called an isoseismal line.
* The center at which an earthquake occurs is called epicenter / epicenter / isocenter. Tremendous energy from the Earth's core moves around in waves and vibrates.
* The position on the earth's surface at right angles to the epicenter is called epicenter or epicenter.
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Earthquake causes
Although earthquakes are accidental, there are many geological and human factors that cause earthquakes. Namely
1) Geographical reason of Earth Quake:-
* Landform Structure System :-
Earthquakes are caused by the movement of fold mountains, fault lines, and massive rock formations on top of the Earth's crust.
* Volcanic tremors :-
Volcanoes erupting from deep within the mantle layer cause earthquakes.
2) Man-made causes of Earth Quake :-
Modern man is changing the nature of geographical elements to use them for his own. This causes an earthquake. Eg: Earthquakes are caused by activities such as massive dams, deep mining and underground nuclear explosions.
Seismic waves :-
Waves emanating from the epicenter travel in a circle around it. These waves are mainly caused by three types of waves.
1) Longitudinal wave 2) Transverse wave 3) Surface waves
1) Blue wave (Longitudinal Waves):-
Push waves - Also known as P waves, push waves, forward waves, and pressure waves. As these are the first waves to reach the earth's surface, they are called primary waves. Their speed is 4 to 13 km per second. m Solids, liquids, gases move in all three mediums. These will reduce the damage. These waves are called predictive waves.
2) Transverse Waves:-
This wave is the wave that comes after the P wave and these are called secondary waves. These are caused by the movement of particles at right angles to the kinetic path. These are called vibration or shaking (shake) wave. These are secondary waves. These are denoted by the letter S. Their speed is 4 to 6 km per second. M move in solid, liquid, and gaseous media. immobile in solution.
3) Surface Waves:-
These are called long waves, L waves. Surface waves are very destructive as they cause more vibration. Surface waves occur last after transverse waves. These reach the Earth after P and S waves. These run only on the surface of the earth. The speed of surface waves is 3 to 4 km per second. There will be m. These are called Rayleigh waves or Love Waves because they were discovered by geographers named Rayleigh and Love. The damage is increased by these.
Tsunamis :- Tremendous waves that are very high in the ocean and hit the shore due to earthquakes in the sea & ocean floor. These are called tsunamis. The word tsunami (su - port nami - wave) is a Japanese word that means high waves crashing on the shore.
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